Alexander I (18011825) played a major role in defeating the militaristic ambitions of Napoleon and subsequently constituting the Holy Alliance, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe. Click to enlarge. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Until the 1905 Russian Revolution, the Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy, following which a semi-constitutional monarchy was nominally established. [136] Nonetheless, in certain areas Islamic institutions were developed and at times encouraged, including the continuing Orenburg Assembly, but provided with a lower status. [49] The semi-autonomous polity of Congress Poland subsequently lost its distinctive political and judicial rights, with Russification being imposed on its schools and courts. Of the rest, 8 Governorates were in Finland and 10 in Congress Poland. In 1893, district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the Empire. In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates. ", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires", "The Great Game, 1856-1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History", " 1897 . It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. eMail address: rublitz@gmail.com, Surnames with Russian Coats-of-Arms (1797-1888), FOUNDATION for EAST EUROPEAN FAMILY HISTORY STUDIES, Russian State Naval Archives: Finding Aids, Russian State Naval Archives: Annotated Register 1696-1917, Russian Fleet Expedition to North America: 1863-1864, Russian Central State Military Historical Archive, Russian Ancestry Research Services: BLITZ Information Center, Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Index of Surname Fonds at the RGIA in St. Petersburg, Honored citizenship in the Emperor's Russia: 1890-1917, Honored Citizenship in the Emperor's Russia: 1830-1890, History of the Ancient Russian Town of Murom, German Records in the RGIA St. Petersburg, BLITZ Glossary of Russian Genealogy terms, American Society of Russian Naval History - Publishing, American Society of Russian Naval History - Books, American Society of Russian Naval History, 84 Nobile Families of Murom, Russia (1597, 1605), 43 Jewish Families living at Murom Russia, 1913, 369 Merchant Families of Murom, Russia (1723-1917), 196 Noble Families of Murom, Russia (1778-1917). [129] In contrast, Emperor Alexander III resumed an atmosphere of oppression, including the May Laws, which further restricted Jewish settlements and rights to own property, as well as limiting the types of professions available,[132][128] and the expulsion of Jews from Kiev in 1886 and Moscow in 1891. At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878, Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller Bulgaria, as an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire. In numerous cases the peasants ended up with relatively small amounts of land. c/o Russian Baltic Information Center - BLITZ Russia, along with France and Britain, was a member of the Entente in antecedent to World War I; these three powers were formed up in response of Germany's growing diadem,[72] one of the member of the Triple Alliance, besides Austria-Hungary and Italy. Don't hesitate in asking any questions concerning the people listed below or particular features of the archival search. The Abbreviated Imperial Title is inscribed over the perimeter of the Seal. Elena Tsvetkova But she did not carry out significant structural reforms. : Yeltsin chooses the particularly inapt double-headed eagle. [15] By 1795, after the Partitions of Poland, Russia became the most populous state in Europe, ahead of France. The Nobles' Land Bank, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. The ministries were as follows: The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. an individual person, family . The Heraldry Department remained as a special institution attached to the Joint Assembly of the Warsaw Departments in the Governing Senate. [121], After 1860, the planning and building of the railway network had far-reaching effects on the economy, culture, and ordinary life of Russia. ", "The Roman Catholic Church and Its Legal Position under the Provisional Government in Russia in 1917", "Russian Old Believers: genetic consequences of their persecution and exile, as shown by mitochondrial DNA evidence", "Religion and Migration: The Molokan Experience", "On This Day: Nicholas II Signs Decree for "Tolerance Development", "In the former Soviet Union, statues and hero worship for leaders of pogroms", Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), "Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Empire&oldid=1134233414. Instead of imposing the traditional punishment of drawing and quartering, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioners should execute death sentences quickly and with minimal suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law. There were regional variations, with more poverty in the heavily populated central black earth region; and there were temporary downturns in 189193 and 19051908. Eventually, St George became the patron saint of Moscow (and, by extension, of Russia). The Military Regulations made a note of the autocracy regime. The relations with Britain were in disquietude from the Great Game in Central Asia until 1907, when both agreed to end the influential war and joined to anti the new rising power of Germany. The Soviet Union as a whole adopted its emblem in 1923, which remained in use until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory, the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from ethnically diverse communities in Kars Oblast, particularly Georgians, Caucasus Greeks, and Armenians, each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions. [19] In the early 20th century, some of the restrictions of the Pale of Settlement were reversed, though were not formally abolished until the February Revolution. Background: According to the St. Petersburg office of BLITZ, "the list of names which we have provided is a transliteration of the following publication available in the Russia National Library:Gorn, V.E. In Ukraine, where the allotments were personal (the mir existing only among state peasants), the state of affairs was not better, on account of high redemption taxes. Previously we placed on our site a list of surnames of people granted with the blazons included in the parts (volumes) I-X of the General Armorial of the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire [a] [b] was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. Between 1742 and 1867, the Russian-American Company administered Alaska as a colony. Economic conditions steadily improved after 1890, thanks to new crops such as sugar beets, and new access to railway transportation. In 1859, there were more than 23million serfs in usually poor living conditions. Shop russian empire coat of arms stickers created by independent artists from around the globe. Exhausted Russian troops began to withdraw from Russian-held Poland, allowing the Germans who captured many cities, including the Kingdom's capital Warsaw on 5 August 1915. Emperor Frederick II in 1229 granted them the right to use the black Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. The modern arms of Russia were instated by a presidential decree in 1993, and then by a federal law signed by President Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000. To the north was the Arctic Ocean. While the empire's vast lands had a population of 14million, grain yields trailed behind those in the West. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity. During World War I, Russia briefly occupied a small part of East Prussia, then a part of Germany; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia. [117] An income tax was introduced in 1916. While revenue rose from 9million rubles in 1724 to 40million in 1794, expenses grew more rapidly, reaching 49million in 1794. Above the canopy stands the state khorugv, of gold cloth, on which is depicted the Medium State Seal. Every year more than half the adult males (in some districts three-quarters of the men and one-third of the women) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of work. Two small crowns top the eagle's heads, with one large crown above them. This index, published in the year 1888 contains the surnames of persons and families which received a coat of arms included to one of 14 designated parts of the General Collection of coats of arms of the All-Russian Empire. [150] According to Radzinsky, Sergei Witte (appointed Prime Minister in 1905) remarked in his Memoirs that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by imperial Police. This council consisted of all the ministers and of the heads of other principal departments. XXV (IA dli.granth.78042).pdf, Punch, Vol. But even this sheet of water is an inland sea, the only outlet of which, the Bosphorus, was in foreign hands, while the Caspian Sea, an immense shallow lake, mostly bordered by deserts, possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries. A majority of the population, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order. [61], Meanwhile, France, looking for allies against Germany after 1871, formed a military alliance in 1894, with large-scale loans to Russia, sales of arms, and warships, as well as diplomatic support. From 1875 to 1877, the Balkan crisis intensified, with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities, which the Ottoman Turks had dominated since the 16th century. Peter I (16721725)also referred to as Peter the Greatplayed a major role in introducing the European state system into the Russian Empire. These elected their delegates to the Duma directly, and though their votes were divided (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returned the same number of delegates. After the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV, the two coats are found combined, with the eagle bearing an escutcheon depicting St George on the breast. [159][157] Most peasants lived in tens of thousands of small villages under a highly patriarchal system. [69], In 1903, at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks. Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis, which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the revolutions of the early 20th century. The Russian Empire further expanded to the west, south, and east, concurrently establishing itself as one of the most powerful European powers. The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth and elected delegates directly to the college of the governorates. However, he retained the right to disband the newly established Duma, and he exercised this right more than once. In December, Russia obtained success at Sarikamish, where the Russian General Yudenich routed Enver Pasha in the battle. Workmen were treated in a special manner, with every industrial concern employing fifty hands electing one or more delegates to the electoral college. Serfs were the least literate. During the reign of Peter I, the last vestiges of a boyar's independence were lost. Category: Emblems. St. Petersburg, Russia The general tincture corresponds to the early fifteenth-century standard. [144] Doukhobors came to settle primarily in Canada. 3rd Army (Russian Empire) Adjutant general; Aleksey Tillo; Alexander III of Russia; Alexander Nevsky; Alexander Ypsilantis; Alexis of Russia; Anna of Russia; Ararat (brandy) Armorial of Russia; Black Hundreds; Boris Godunov; Breguet (brand) Catherine I of Russia; Catherine the Great; Caucasian Native Cavalry Division; Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914-1917) Caucasus Front (Russian Republic) Police spies were planted everywhere. It shows wheat as the symbol of agriculture, a rising sun for the future of the Russian nation, the red star (the RSFSR was the last Soviet Republic to include the star in its state emblem, in 1978) as well as the hammer and sickle for the victory of Communism and the "world-wide socialist community of states". , . Ivan adopted the golden Byzantine double-headed eagle in his seal, first documented in 1472, marking his direct claim to the Roman imperial heritage and posing as a sovereign equal and rival to the Holy Roman Empire. Finally, in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Why? Nevertheless, Catherine realized that serfdom must eventually be ended, going so far in her Nakaz ("Instruction") to say that serfs were "just as good as we are" a comment received with disgust by the nobility. [126] The tsarist administration sought to arrange "orthodoxies" within Islam, Buddhism, and the Protestant faiths, which was performed by creating spiritual assemblies (in the case of Islam, Judaism, and Lutheranism), banning and declaring bishoprics (in the case of Catholicism), and arbitrating doctrinal disputes. The heraldic device of Russia has gone through three major periods in its history, undergoing major changes in the transitions between the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation. The index to the General Collection of coats of arms of the All-Russian Empire started in the year 1797. The general tincture corresponds to the early fifteenth-century standard. This concept of the triune Russian people, composed of the Great Russians, the Little Russians, and the Belorussians (White Russians), was introduced during the reign of Peter I, and it was associated with the name of Archimandrite Zakhary Kopystensky (1621), the Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. He argues that those reforms brought about measurable improvements in social welfare. In the college itself, the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day. Grand Duke Nicholas, the Russian commander-in-chief, now had the order to invade Silesia with his Fifth, Fourth, and Ninth armies. The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275% of the normal rental value of the allotments, not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes, the church, roads, local administration, and so on, chiefly levied on the peasants. Franklin A. Walker, "Enlightenment and religion in Russian education in the reign of Tsar Alexander I. During Peter's reign, the nobility was still required to serve, and serf labour played a significant role in the growth of the industry; therefore, Peter's objectives required the preservation of antiquated traditions. Alexander II decided to abolish serfdom from above, with ample provision for the landowners, rather than wait for it to be abolished from below by revolution. For inquiries, please contact: [73] Russia and France's relations remained isolated before the 1890s when both sides agreed to ally when peace was threatened. [100] The Russians, led by Baltic German General Georgy Bergmann, opened the front by crossing the frontier but failed to capture Kyopryukyoy. In 185455, Russia fought Britain, France and Turkey in the Crimean War, which Russia lost. 22 October]1721, the Senate and Synod presented the Tsar with the titles of the Pater Patriae (Russian: , tr. In 1722, he turned his aspirations toward increasing Russian influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of the weakened Safavid Persians. (-, 1911-1915).jpg, ( ).png, ( ).png, ( 1).jpg, ( 2).jpg, 1809.jpg, - , 1896.jpg, ( ).png, . A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. At the same time, the full set of coat of arms of Great, Medium and Minor Arms, was laid down and approved. Each province of the Empire, except Central Asia, returned a certain number of members; added to which were those returned by several large cities. The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars, when a number of well-educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns, where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to autocratic Russia. That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv, Odesa, Riga, and the Polish cities of Warsaw and d. The advance took place on 11 November against the main army's right flank and rear; the first and second armies were severely mauled, and the second army was nearly surrounded in d on 17 November. The Transcaucasus Railway connected the city of Batum on the Black Sea and the oil center of Baku on the Caspian Sea. In early 1877, Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces, leading to the Russo-Turkish War (187778). According to the Kremlin's website:[1][2], , , , . From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing the famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people,[119][120] especially in the Volga region, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production. [165] Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish, and intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets. The present list contains 2086 surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire for the period since 1797 to 1888. Similar emblems were used by the Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republics (ASSR) within the Russian SFSR; the main differences were generally the use of the republic's acronym and the presence of the motto in the language(s) of the titular nations (with the exception of the state emblem of the Dagestan ASSR, which had the motto in eleven languages as there is no single Dagestani language). Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions: Since 1870, the municipalities in European Russia had institutions like those of the zemstvos. General Collection of Coats of Arms for the All-Russian Empire Vol XI-XXI. Catherine extended Russian political control over the lands of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, supporting the Targowica Confederation. Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws. Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto, the emperor ruled as an absolute monarch, subject to only two limitations on his authority, both of which were intended to protect the existing system: the Emperor and his consort must both belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, and he must obey the (Pauline Laws) of succession established by Paul I. This is a list of surnames which once held Coats of Arms in the Russian Empire. Civil lettering was adopted during Peter I's reign, and the first Russian newspaper, Vedomosti, was published. [13][14] The October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks seize power in the Russian Republic, sparking the Russian Civil War. Peter I promoted the advancement of science, particularly geography and geology, trade, and industry,[24] including shipbuilding, as well as the growth of the Russian educational system. In 1905, a Council of Ministers (Sovyet Ministrov) was created, under a minister president, the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. In addition to almost the entire territory of modern Russia,[i] prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of Dnieper Ukraine, Belarus, Bessarabia, the Grand Duchy of Finland, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Central Asian states of Russian Turkestan, most of the Baltic governorates, a significant part of Poland, and the former Ottoman provinces of Ardahan, Artvin, Idr, Kars, and the northeastern part of Erzurum Provinces. The students were conspicuous in Moscow and Saint Petersburg as a political force typically at the forefront of demonstrations and disturbances. As Western European economic growth accelerated during the Industrial Revolution, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, creating new weaknesses for the Empire seeking to play a role as a great power. The first type represented the eagle with spread wings, one crown, with an image of St.George on the breast and with a wreath and a thunderbolt in its claws. The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three metropolitans (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv), fourteen archbishops and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the "saviour of Europe". The result was the Decembrist revolt (December 1825), which was the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother Constantine as a constitutional monarch. However, it functioned poorly during World War I, leading to the February Revolution. The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the grand duchy as such. While later rulers did not discard the new title, the ruler of Russia was commonly known as tsar or tsaritsa until the imperial system was abolished during the February Revolution of 1917. By contrast in Western Europe, urban men had about a 50 percent literacy rate. This coat of arms was drawn based on its blazon which - being a written description - is free from copyright. When Emperor Alexander II ascended the throne in 1855, the desire for reform was widespread. High quality Russian Empire Coat Of Arms accessories designed and sold by independent artists around the world. Background: According to the St. Petersburg office of BLITZ, "the list of names which we have provided is a transliteration of the following publication available in the Russia National Library:Gorn, V.E. [25] The city of Saint Petersburg, which was built in 1703 on territory along the Baltic coast that had been conquered during the Great Northern War, served as the state's capital. Provisionally, then, the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as "a limited monarchy under an autocratic emperor". 2,276 Views Graphical characteristics: Asymmetric, Closed shape, Colorful, Contains curved lines, Has no crossing lines. These factors led to revolutions twice, and the second one, which occurred in February 1917, led to the end of almost two centuries of imperial rule, including one of the four continental empires which were collapsed after World War I, along with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.[11]. The Russian Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. Nicholas tolerated Uvarov's achievements until 1848, then reversed his innovations. ", "Perspective | Russian Orthodox Old Believers: Keeping their faith and fighting fires in the West Siberian Plain", " I " , , ", " "" "" XVIII ", "- 1 - , , 08.00.01 - ", "Chapter 1: The Environment and its Consequences", "The Plans for Russian Expansion in the New World and the North Pacific in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", "1791: Catherine the Great Tells Jews Where They Can Live", "This Day in Jewish History / May Laws Punish Russia's Jews", "Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire", "Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire. Today, the imperial crowns on each head stand for the unity and sovereignty of Russia, both as a whole and in its constituent republics and regions. Before the liberation of the serfs in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles could not restore the emperor's lost prestige. Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it. the Chinese national emblem. The coats-of-arms which were to be included in the Armorial had to be approved by the Emperor. [21] It is generally accepted that with the adoption of the imperial title by Peter I, Russia turned from a tsardom into an empire, and the imperial period began in the history of the country.[22][23]. Would-be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia under Nicholas I hundreds of thousands were sent to katorga there. In addition, the 26th article stated that "With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland". It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. 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